Toxicology

What is the real significance of the a drug? Is it harmful or helpful? There are many ways in which drug can affect us. We ,people have different  ways to enjoy life and to deal with our emotional, physical and different problems. But too much is not always good. Sometimes we just cant control ourselves. We do things that we must not do..

                 Nowadays, drug addicts or people under the influence of drugs are increasing in number. So it is important for us to know the proper dosage and use of it and other chemicals or substances that enters our body.

Toxicology is the study of substances introduces in our body, its biological effects ,influence in our body mechanisms and its essentials.. toxins that are not  absorbed from the GIT don’t have systemic but local effects like bleeding, diarrhea and malabsorption of nutrients. Toxicology have divisions.

Therapeutic drug monitoring

                TDM is the dosage of the drug that is beneficial to the patient. It is individualized. It depends upon the weight and level or severity of illness. In this case it is important to know and understand pharmacokinetics, the effects of drugs in our body.

The object of all drug therapy is to have a constant serum level of drug that will be therapeutic. Half life of a drug is very important so that you would know the time interval between doses so that this level will be achieved.

Drug of abuse

Most of this drugs contains benzene rings barbiturates and acid drugs. For the users these are their partners in everything, these are their pleasuresand without these drugs life for them is nothing. Actually  these drugs are used to treat other diseases but because of their other effects especially when they are abused they became harmful.

Endocrinology (Endocrine system)

                In order for our body to function properly, there must be coordination to each body part. Endocrine system is also responsible for this just like our nervous system which sends electrical message to control our body. However endocrine system uses chemicals as the messengers to communicate to the different parts of the body. It is made up of different organs that produce the chemicals which serves as the messenger also known as hormones, substances that regulates body activities.Endocrinology is the study of our endocrine system. Endocrine glands are ductless where in they release the hormones directly in the system or blood stream and travels anywhere until they reach the organ they will act or the target organ.  They have specific shape and can be recognized only by their partner or target organ they come in antagonistic pairs with opposite effects.  Glands and hormones plays the major role in our endocrine system.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/endocrorgs.gif

                The following glands make up our endocrine system. Pituitary gland also known as the master gland, releases hormones that controls some of the endocrine glands. It is divided into anterior and posterior lobe. Anterior lobe produces growth hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin and corticotropin. Posterior lobe releases  antidiuretic hormone and produces oxytocin. Pituitary gland is also responsible for the menstrual cycle and ovulation of women. Endorphine, pain receptor is also produced by this gland but it’s the hypothalamus which connects endocrine and nervous system controls the pituitary gland.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/pituitary_2.gif

 Thyroid gland which butterfly in shape  regulates energy and emotional balance and produced thyroid hormones which contains iodine , substance important in order for thyroid hormones to be release. And in its dorsal portion is the parathyroid gland which is responsible in the level of calcium in the blood.

http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/8966.jpg

Pancreas is the one responsible in secreting insulin and glucagon to maintain level of sugar in the blood. http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/17194.jpg

Adrenal glands  has two parts the cortex and medulla . medulla produce epinephrine while cortex secretes corticosteroids which are anti inflammatory.

http://images.yourdictionary.com/images/main/A4adregl.jpg

 Thymus has something to do with immune system.
http://cancerbioucd.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/thymus_spleen.jpg

Gonads or the sex organs  are responsible in producing sex hormones. Androgen and testosterone by the testis of male and estrogen and progesterone by the female ovaries. Gonads are also under the control of pituitary glands
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http://www.csus.edu/indiv/l/loom/wk%209/male%20female.jpg